Which of the following teratogens can potentially cause craniofacial, limb, and cardiac anomalies when taken in high doses?

The correct answer is fluconazole. High doses of fluconazole, particularly when taken during the first trimester of pregnancy, have been associated with various teratogenic effects. Studies indicate that significant exposure to this antifungal medication can lead to craniofacial anomalies, limb defects, and cardiac issues in the developing fetus.

It is essential to consider the evidence surrounding fluconazole's effects on pregnancy. Research has shown a correlation between high doses of fluconazole and specific birth defects, which underscores the importance of careful evaluation when prescribing this medication to pregnant individuals.

While alcohol is widely acknowledged as a potent teratogen that can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, which may include craniofacial and cardiac anomalies, the question specifies a focus on high doses, which is less clearly defined in the case of alcohol.

Valproate is known to cause a range of teratogenic effects, including neural tube defects and other malformations, especially when taken during early pregnancy. However, the linkage to craniofacial and limb anomalies seen specifically with fluconazole is more pronounced.

Mercury exposure, while toxic and associated with various health concerns, primarily causes neurological and cognitive deficits rather than the specific profile of craniofacial, limb,