What does an unbalanced translocation typically lead to?

An unbalanced translocation occurs when there is an unequal exchange of genetic material between chromosomes, leading to a surplus or deficit of genetic material. This genetic imbalance usually results in a range of developmental and health issues in an individual, including congenital anomalies, intellectual disabilities, and other physical abnormalities. The presence of extra or missing genetic material can severely disrupt normal gene function, which is why individuals with unbalanced translocations often face significant health challenges.

In the context of pregnancy, individuals carrying an unbalanced translocation are at a heightened risk for miscarriage, as the embryos may not be viable due to the imbalanced genetic content. Miscarriage is a common outcome in these situations, as the genetic irregularities can lead to developmental failures or severe congenital disorders that may not be compatible with life. This makes it more difficult to achieve successful pregnancies and healthy offspring.

While other options suggest outcomes like healthy offspring or increased fertility, the reality of unbalanced translocations is that these often lead to complications rather than successes in reproduction.